Thursday, September 27, 2012

Methylamine Pseudoscience

Please see updates, posted below original piece. Thanks!

Pseudoscience strikes again. About a month ago, over at Slate's Brow Beat culture blog, Mr. Daniel Lametti - he of 'Ph.D.-Waste-Of-Time' fame - wrote a piece analyzing a recurring Breaking Bad plot device: the theft of large quantities of methylamine for the characters' illegal methamphetamine operation. The meat of the post:
"As a post on Reddit asks, since Walt is a brilliant chemist, couldn’t he just synthesize the stuff himself?
Yes, and pretty easily. There are many different ways to make the compound; with little more than an introductory organic chemistry class, you could probably synthesize it in your kitchen sink. (Brow Beat doesn’t recommend trying to make methylamine in your kitchen sink). Chemically speaking, methylamine is just ammonia with one hydrogen atom swapped out for a methyl group—a carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms. Without getting into too much detail, an easy way to achieve this swap* is to “bubble” ammonia (a gas) through methanol (a liquid) that’s been laced with a dehydrating agent like Silica gel. You could probably buy these chemicals at Home Depot and CVS. Silica gel packets are often packaged with new shoes and electronics to keep them dry."
Wait, huh? Let's start from No.

As a practicing synthetic organic chemist, I agree with the statement that silica gel dehydrates solvents by water absorption. Sure. But I've heated plenty of alcohols in the presence of silica gel, and 99% of them don't spontaneously lose water! (That would be a rocking olefin synthesis, if it worked...)

Methylamine: Easy as hooking up five pressurized reactors in your kitchen sink.
Credit: Albermarle
Let's put this on firm scientific ground. The reaction in question, a nucleophilic substitution, could theoretically occur by two mechanisms: SN1, where the -OH group of methanol dislodges to form a methyl cation (?!?!), followed by subsequent ammonia bonding; or SN2, where the ammonia directly displaces the -OH, one step, no intermediates.

In this scenario, both are extremely unlikely, especially at room temperature and pressure.

Now let's talk practicality: which company will sell you a cylinder of ammonia gas for 'home use?' (Not Home Depot). How will you get your methanol? What's the plan to isolate the (volatile, stinky) methylamine from the complex mixture of compounds this theoretical reaction produces?

Well, how do companies make methylamine? Albemarle technical documents to the rescue! Seems that mixing methanol and excess ammonia at 300-500 degrees Celsius, under pressure, over a zeolite catalyst will produce an equilibrium mixture of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine (favored). After fractional distillation, the trimethylamine can be streamed over an amorphous silica / alumina catalyst to disproportionate it back into methylamine.

Not a kitchen sink in sight.

Update, 8/17/13 - This piece jumped back into the spotlight as Breaking Bad winds down its 5-season run. Thanks to Dylan at WaPo's Wonkblog for linking back here.

Commenters have taken issue with my description of the reaction, so I've slightly changed the text for clarity (methods / mechanisms, "forms" cations, oxidation...)

8/19/13 - Arguments have cropped up, in multiple forums, about reagent availability, feasibility of the chemistry at small-scale, mechanism, purification, etc. I blame myself for not refining my argument well enough in the original post. Very directly, I'll re-state the major arguments:

1) The silica gel + methanol + ammonia route will not produce methylamine as stated
2) Although an experienced chemist *could* produce methylamine using different reactions in a kitchen sink, he will by no means produce enough to support a burgeoning criminal enterprise which manufactures methamphetamine at multi-kilo scale.

*Curious - Appended at the bottom of the essay is a thanks for Prof. Adam Braunschweig, faculty at NYU now UMiami.. To what extent did Prof. Braunschweig proofread this post? Did he sign off on the "kitchen sink silica gel" concept in the middle? I can't possibly imagine that he thoroughly vetted this essay.

183 comments:

  1. That said, methylamine is in fact not so hard to synthesize. Methylamine.HCl can be synthesized via hexamethylenetetramine and conc. HCl & not extremely excessive heating. Perhaps that's a bit closer to a "kitchen sink" procedure.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Oh, sure, I'll concede that there are ways to get fairly pure compound, and production of the salt would help with isolation / purification. However, I think the transformation discussed in the Slate piece would have issues with selectivity, ease of handling, and reagent sourcing.

      Delete
    2. Not to mention the purity of the final product was very important to Walter White, he may not have been willing to make an impure product.

      Delete
    3. One time I ate a bug...

      Delete
  2. Um, trimethylamine disproportionates into methylamine? What's the other product? Pentamethylamine??

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Methanol.

      Me3N + 2 H2O -> MeNH2 + 2 MeOH

      As the author states, trimethylamine is favored (tetramethylammonium hydroxide will also be produced to some degree, but at elevated pressure and temp this will split back into trimethylamine and methanol) because increasing amine substitution (more methyl groups) makes it more reactive.

      If I was Walt in season 5, I would make friends with a top-fuel (nitromethane) drag racer team and under-the-table a few gallons of fuel. Since dragsters use up >10 gallons per run, making a few extra disappear wouldn't be a problem. Nitromethane can be reduced to methylamine in a number of ways, all of which are potentially explosive, but possible. This method will not produce di- or trimethylamine, and fractional distillation of the products is easy (relatively).

      Source: top of my Chemistry class, recent graduate, working researcher, and beloved O-chem tutor. Fuck Meth, powder caffeine all the way. Great show though, gotta love the attention to scientific detail.

      Delete
    2. Sorry, but not everybody will respond equally to anything. Caffeine included. I have a relatively low tolerance ceiling SPECIFICALLY FOR CAFFEINE. (I can tolerate 105 mg of extended-release dextroamphetamine quite well.) 200 mg of Caffeine is mostly OK. 400 is pushing it pretty fucking hard. Even in extended-release (plant based) form. The anxiety and blood pressure elevation at 400mg are absurd. Even life threatening. I am talking exclusively about me here.

      A long time ago I read in a book called "The Caffeine Advantage" that some people could tolerate (and benefit from) doses as high as 1600 mg.
      No idea if such people are one in a million.

      I used to have pure caffeine powder. I found it easy to titrate volumetrically. But found its bitter taste to be ultimately a deal breaker.

      Caffeine will help wake me up and give me A LITTLE BIT more energy. But it will not do absolutely anything for my ADHD (inattentive type) which lately has become crippling.

      For contrast, my tolerance for ANYTHING you may call a "downer" is beyond belief. Narcotics included. Two examples: 50mg. of Demerol will do ABSOLUTELY NOTHING for my pain. Or change my mood. And 20 mg of Clonazepam will terminate my anxiety but will not do anything else that I (or anybody else) can detect. This is not cross-tolerance, or gradual dosage escalation. I came "programmed" that way. Once I had to reach such an enormous dose because my anxiety was so tremendous, it was torture. My usual 8mg. dose did nothing for me. I jumped to 20 mg out of sheer desperation. My anxiety disappeared. I was able to sleep for ONE HOUR. And woke up feeling great. Simply because the (horrendous) torture was gone.

      Delete
    3. cONTACT: +1(310)596-3431

      We offer the largest and best selection of REMANUFACTURED AMMO , BIR 34175 SHOOT-N-C, SIINGTON UMC, altor 9mm single shot, altor 9mm, altor pistol, altor, pistol review, evac blast diverter, altor corp pistol, qd blast shield


      REMANUFACTURED AMMO
      BIR 34175 SHOOT-N-C
      SIINGTON UMC
      altor 9mm single shot
      altor 9mm
      altor pistol
      altor pistol review
      evac blast diverter
      altor corp pistol
      qd blast shield



      cONTACT: +1(310)596-3431
      Email: info@oggunna.com
      wEBSITE:https://www.oggunna.com/

      Delete
  3. TMA + NH3 <=> DMA + MMA
    DMA + NH3 <=> 2 MMA

    ReplyDelete
  4. See Arr Oh is quite right - The proposed kitchen sink methylamine synthesis is nonsense. But if I can be a little pedantic...

    "could theoretically occur by two methods: 1. SN1, where the -OH group of methanol dislodges from the methyl cation (?!?!), followed by subsequent ammonia bonding"

    should be:

    "could theoretically occur by two **mechanisms**: 1. SN1, where the -OH group of methanol **is released to form a** methyl cation [the cation wasn't there before...] (?!?!), followed by subsequent ammonia bonding"

    Also, disproportionation is a redox process but I think what you have here is equilibration in the presence of ammonia without changes oxidation level (at least if Anonymous' comment is the actual process...)

    Sorry to be pedantic!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. No, you're quite right. This was an old piece, and I'll mark edits accordingly. Thanks!

      Delete
  5. "How will you get your methanol?"

    Methanol is very easy to procure, both in retail amounts and industrial amounts. It's used as fuel for many yacht stoves, added to race car fuels along with a dozen other uses in industry.

    I bought mine at a Canadian Tire store in 4 a liter jug.

    hexamethylenetetramine is also used as a fuel, backpackers and campers and may be a part of many homes emergency preparedness kit. It usually comes in a small square package with a small emergency stove. It burns well even in the rain and wind. Too stinky for use inside.

    I have no idea if hexamethylenetetramine is available in large amounts. It seems to me that doing so might trigger a visit from Homeland Security because it is used in the production of some explosives.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Funny, I was looking into getting Hexamine for an RDX synth but started getting worried it might be put on the DEA's watchlist as a potential meth precursor.

      Delete
    2. Looks like it's not hard to buy pure online unless this shop and similar ones require some proof that the buyer is some kind of professional chemist
      https://www.labsupplyoutlaws.com/chemicals-and-reagents/hexamethylene-tetramine-lab.htm

      Delete
  6. What you're talking about is usually called Hexamine. And yeah, it is used in explosive manufacture. The reaction of methanol and ammonia do yield it.

    But what motivated me to comment, is that no "practicing" synthetic chemist worth his salt would discount a production method because it's performed at high temperatures and pressures in an industrial environment.

    Anyone who's been in the trade longer than it took to get his degree, should know that those conditions are not required for the reaction to proceed on an acceptable scale. A business performing a reaction repeatedly will benefit from shifting the equilibrium as far as possible toward the desired product. A small lab performing a reaction can suffice with less.

    I'm unsure what to think when he goes on to mock the final reaction mixture. It would appear he is the first "practicing synthetic chemist" to have never performed a synthetic reaction. Product isolation is routine and straightforward.

    This author merely contributes an entry level analysis which serves to do little more than confuse the layperson.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Dear Anon:

      I'm sorry you find my "entry-level analysis" so sorely lacking. If you have a more learned contribution, I invite you to write it up and send it to me. I'll post it if I believe you're somehow better informed on the matter than I.

      Sound fair?

      Delete
    2. I see no reason to do that when the synthesis is a grignard with methylIMINE. You've misunderstood the chemical, making this entire discussion moot.

      Delete
    3. Dear Anon:

      If Walt and Jesse are (according to the script) engaging in a modified P2P cook, then they're reacting phenylacetone with methylAmine, followed by some sort of enantioselective reduction. A twist on a classic method, in use by clandestine labs since the '60s.

      http://www.vice.com/read/a-comprehensive-guide-to-cooking-meth-on-breaking-bad

      Now, please, tell me where you see a Grignard in P2P. Are you perhaps thinking of imine formation onto phenethyl aldehyde, followed by some sort of (Lewis acid-catalyzed) MeMgBr addition?

      Delete
    4. So, what's up? Why aren't you guys in the lab, going full-Heisenberg?

      Delete
  7. *Edit*

    "2) Although an experienced chemist *could* produce methylamine..., he (or she) will by no means produce enough..."

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The use of the masculine singular pronoun here isn't meant to exclude women from illicit drug chemistry.
      By all means, a female chemist could certainly produce methylamine by this route.

      Delete
    2. "Feminist language reform" is for the birds. Do you really think any female reading the masculine pronoun is going to think they can't do such and such because the writer didn't specify "She"? Waste of time and breath.
      Then again, you posted this anonymously so probably will not even see my reply. Good luck with your worldview, and all that.then again, you posted this anonymously so probably will not even see my reply. Good luck with your worldview, and all that.

      Delete
  8. Being that it is a television show they obviously had to pick an ingredient whose manufacture in a large and profitable scale is debatably too difficult to produce in the time frame of the story. That being said it is obvious to conclude that they had to steal it or buy it in mass quantities to supply the demand influx they created. It really comes down to basic economics and not chemistry

    ReplyDelete
  9. wow, the snide, pretentious, dweebishness on evidence in some of these comments is truly repellant and I wish I hand't bothered to click through to this blog post, let alone read it. Way to go, arguing amongst yourselves like socially tone-deaf Aspies...

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I have Asperger's and agree... The author is correct and a lot of people in the scientific community just love to bicker. Seeya.

      Delete
  10. Ah, for the good old days of P2P when labs were fairly clean. I remember one raid in Evergreen CO, where the product was 98% and white, of course; not blue. After P2P went on the watch list and everyone switched to phenylacetic acid, it got really foul. One lab in Farmers Branch TX in an industrial park was so bad you could smell it just driving by in the street. I kept one set of tennis shoes in a bag in my garage just for lab raids. Twice thru the wash and several months out in the Texas sun and they still stunk like horsepiss. I was happy to retire before the Sudafed - phosphorus days really got going.
    --A retired DEA Senior Forensic Chemist

    ReplyDelete
  11. I read this entire post in Walt's voice.

    ReplyDelete
  12. hello I'm not a chemist but i made the synthesis but i think it won't work becaus of the methylamin will diseapear if the temerature is higher than -6°C So it's a but problem and i have one even worse ammina will deseapear if the temperature is HIGHIER THAN -38°C yeah LESS FORTYEIGHT sorry for caps but it's a big problem so you see well it isn't true it can work (because methylamin will but with wather and NH3 will be NH4OH) well if you could tell me how to get some methylamin (i study chemistry ...)(But making drugs it isn't my goal at all but it could be fun to chalenge ourself and a make a true synthesis )

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Haha hahahahahah ahahahahaha

      Delete
  13. ok im gonna jump in here with my own taught knowledge of making legible psychotherapy designer drugs that eventually lead to world peace day dream as a pisces birthdayina few days glad i found this ...... WELL AS FOR BREAKING BAD FOR ME THAT WAS MY SHOW... lets call him joe.. Joe got into alot of bath salts while on a speed bindge for months and spent 20 grand on the shit motel to motel sex eat sex eat shoot shoot repeat repeat no sleep days tanked smoked out 11 prescribed pharmaceuticals and 11 warrants... next state over.... so im in RHODE ISLAND where nothing is banned and this shit is outlawed 90 percent else where... whatever thats way before the chemistry knoledge comes n all that but ive read tons of chemistry books under the influence of amphetamine knock offs that even made u bug out and learned a whole deal of a lot now its research chemical study and effect and im not a lab rat says joe... as for dreams of blue meth the closest clandestinaly making it with basic knoledge of the chemicals alone is not enough... neither is you completing the reactions correctly and knowing weither or not you screwd up this is also alot of math equation and measuring in this.... i will say this Methamphetamine is nuerotoxic ECSTASY/MOLLY is MDMA methyldioxymethamphetamine also nuerotoxic .... Dextroamphetamine is not... amphetamine is not therefore... MDDA would not be nuero toxic nor would MDA. MDE etc..

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Please consider reading this subject material while NOT under the influence of learning-distorting dopamine stimulants. The ability for direct electrical stimulation of a dopaminergic reward pathway to constrain learning to favor repetitive tasks over big-picture learning has recently been demonstrated in patients with Parkinson's disease. Recall that abuse of dopaminergic stimulants can induce symptoms (and even the onset) of Parkinson's. Do be careful.

      The nEUrotoxicity of psychoactive dopaminergic materials is related more to dosage than the identity of the compound. Methamphetamine and MDMA, both widely considered by the layperson "all-neurotoxic, all the time", are actually not when administered in acceptably small dosages. One widely publicized (and several-years-retracted) study on MDMA in Rhesus monkeys "confirming neurotoxicity at standard dosages" used the more potent methamphetamine instead of the similarly named MDMA. From this study, it is only reasonable to conclude that MDMA is less neurotoxic than meth (a foregone conclusion). The neurotoxic potency of such materials cannot be arm-chair estimated merely by looking at the structure.

      Moreover, the highly substituted PEA analogues found in the deplorable "bath salts" are likely more stressful to the brain than the more easily metabolized cocaine, though this cannot be claimed with certainty as these newer materials have not been investigated in any controlled trial. On the other hand, the biological activity of illegal materials such as "meth" and cocaine are fairly well understood, as they have been in wide use for well over 50 years.

      Pure methamphetamine, like many pure psychoactive compounds, is a white powder. Any other color implies presence of an impurity. Also, many adulterants are used which are also white powders. Bottom line: without expensive analysis, the purity of any illegal white powder cannot be known. To ensure higher purity, the educated speed-freak (lol!) may elect to recrystallize their substance of choice in the proper solvent after performing an acid-base extraction.

      Delete
    2. This comment has been removed by the author.

      Delete
    3. From a drugs forum post :

      "The addition of the N-methyl group to the methylated phenylethylamine results in a decreases in molecular polarity, greatly enhancing penetration of the blood brain barrier, allowing direct stimulation of the postsynaptic catecholamine receptors.

      Whereas the methylated phenylethylamine (Amphetamine) is an inhibitor of catecholamine breakdown and storage.

      I'm not shore how much information your after, is that what your after?

      Read more: http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=174881#ixzz33xGuPxN9"

      Delete
  14. Methylamine can be made very easily be dissolving creatine monohydrate in Gatorade and incubating at room temperature for a few days.

    ReplyDelete
  15. I got methylamine sauce as a topping at Dairy Queen. Just ask for it.

    ReplyDelete
  16. wow. this is the smartest comment thread i´ve ever seen. Actually, this is the only smart comment thread i've ever seen.

    ReplyDelete
  17. Check out MetaFilter.com then, you might like it. Anyway, it's funny that everyone's like "it wouldn't be that hard to get XYZ and make it," but nobody really makes everything that wouldn't be all that hard to make or they would have no time to do anything else. Acquiring huge amounts of any of the precursors to methylamine they stole (and far more quantity to steal than the final product of course) would look suspicious or require lots of risk, i.e. lots of individual purchases from "smurfs" or other people who you expose yourself to in the process. If they want to make methylamine they might as well have gotten into the methylamine business and sell it to Gale and Gus.

    That would've been a clever twist actually, where your "laundering scheme" and "clandestine operation" combine into a legit super lab where Walt produces the next super chemotherapy or nanotechnology components and saves the world with another sinister one underneath producing something less sketchy to transport by train and so forth. Something for a parallel universe, I wouldn't change a thing to the original.

    ReplyDelete
  18. Formaldehyde and ammonium chloride? Isn't that one way to do it? Heat mixture to remove methylal and methylformate and then vacuum distill to get methylamine? No?

    ReplyDelete
  19. Well, I don't know about any of this. But a guy cutting through some sort of handcuff (plastic? maybe 3/4 inch wide and 1/4 inch thick...?) with 115 volt AC bare wire is not very likely.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The "cuffs" in this case are basically nylon tie-wraps.
      He could have gotten out of them using a leveraging method much easier and without burning himself.
      But... YES he could get out of the fairly quickly the way he did. And in reality, he would not have burned himself as badly!

      Delete
  20. Hi can someone please tell me, I heard methylamine anhydrous is %99.5 is stronger than methylamine %40 solution. And 1 litre of methylamine gas can make up to 5 litre of methylamine %40 solution? Is that true please help me

    ReplyDelete
  21. I truly feel evaluating white and black digital photography with it's film counterpart is like evaluating apples with grapefruits.

    ReplyDelete
  22. probably the most reliable, least likely to put you in prison method of obtaining precursor would be growing the Ma Huang plant, which contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine naturally, and extracting the alkaloids. of course, your average meth-cook (trailer park, covered in tattoos, owns 8 pitbulls) isn't going to even know what stereoselectivity means, and is more likely to make a blend of d-methamphetamine, l-methamphetamine, a a good portion of toxic byproducts as a result. natural selection at work.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. How would the trailer park tattooed guy make racemic meth out of what you just stated is a sterospecific reaction? If they are making meth with a birch or Nagai method using pseudo or ephedrine, please explain how they are producing any amount of L methamphetamine?

      Delete
  23. I'd imagine refluxing p2p & glycine would give the N-methyl imine of p2p.
    Reduce that imine chemoseltively for the d-meth.Nitromethane also a good way to go.One pot NE & p2preduces the NE to methylaine,forms imine then that's reduced.

    ReplyDelete
  24. Well, that was a long argument. I suggest ordering a a large quantity, from your local drug dealer, robbing him, and dealing with him, then trying to find another. It has it short falls, you sure won't be trusted for long, but kill two birds with one stone right. See science isn't everything doctor..

    ReplyDelete
  25. Sometime few educational blogs become very helpful while getting relevant and new information related to your targeted area. As I found this blog and appreciate the information delivered to my database.สมัคร XM

    ReplyDelete
  26. Mesmerized article written on this blog with other relevant information. It is straight to the point that how we can improve our skills as well as how we can be represented to a new stream of professionalism.
    พิมพ์ ฉลาก สินค้า

    ReplyDelete
  27. Are you need a guide make crystal meth recipes 100% sucsess 100% secure process & simple & the good quality. I can teach you the process of how to make meth..please call me from email ucokpelor542@gmail.com and check my google plus for my information. Thanks

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Not today, D.E.A.... just kidding, maybe. I'm not into meth or making it but Just be careful if you're going to be posting your email address here looking for people you can teach how to synthesize methamphetamine. You're bound to get a law enforcement agent contacting you without you knowing it eventually.

      Delete
  28. I gained new knowledge from well written content of this blog. It is showing some different kind of strategy to keep work better and improve with every new assignment. Gracefully written blog
    MACD Forex

    ReplyDelete
  29. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  30. Extremely helpful post. This is my first time i visit here. I discovered such a large number of intriguing stuff in your blog particularly its exchange. Truly its extraordinary article. Keep it up. smart cooking

    ReplyDelete
  31. Your blog is very informative and gracefully
    Your guideline is very good.Thank you

    buy research chemicals canada
    Amphetamine Powder for sale

    ReplyDelete
  32. amp research bedstep
    Positive site, where did u come up with the information on this posting?I have read a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style. Thanks a million and please keep up the effective work.

    ReplyDelete
  33. I read your post and it is really good , keep writing more
    Buy Weed Seeds Online
    Buy A-796,260 Online
    Buy Phenethylamine Psychedelics online
    Buy DMT Dimethyltryptamine Online
    Buy 5-methoxy DALT online
    Cannabis Oil For Sale
    Buy enzodiazepines online you can as well text +1(646)883-3072 , Telegram: primenature or email:primepharma0@gmail.com for more details.

    Buy Fentanyl powder Online
    Buy TH-PVP Powder Online
    Buy A-PVP Online
    Buy Crystal Meth Online
    Buy Acetyl Fentanyl Powder Online
    Buy Carfentanil Online
    Buy 4-MMC Online
    BUY AMPHETAMINE ONLINE
    CBD Isolate Powder 99%+
    Buy Ephedra Powder Online

    ReplyDelete
  34. You need to take part in a contest for one of the highest quality websites on the net. I'm going to highly recommend this web site!
    bàn gỗ

    ReplyDelete
  35. I love reading through a post that will make men and women think. Also, many thanks for permitting me to comment!
    Xem thêm

    ReplyDelete
  36. Hi There,
    Thank you for sharing the knowledgeable blog with us I hope that you will post many more blog with us:-
    Crystal meth is one form of the drug methamphetamine. It increases dopamine production in the brain and has similar effects to cocaine.
    phone:+17205490586
    Click here for more information:- MORE DETAILS......

    ReplyDelete
  37. Find the best chemical Buy crystal meth Online, fentanyl online chemicals market is providing original chemicals in the market.

    ReplyDelete
  38. The Forex market is a near 24 hour, 5 days a week market that trades every currency pair in the world. In the immediate sense, it can affect businesses that import and export products, while long-term affects include increased or decreased wages for employee. Within these two example, there are people that take advantage of the movements in the markets and these individuals are known as Forex traders.
    Forex คืออะไร

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Such a situation is ideal for obtaining high profits, but this can only be achieved by experienced players who are able to monitor the fluctuations of many currencies and make a quick forecast regarding market trends. The session is extended to use the volatility generated by the London market.
      ข้อดีตลาด Forex

      Delete
    2. Another crucial factor to consider when choosing online trading broker is educational materials and trading tools that the broker provides. Many reputable online brokers usually provide educational materials including videos, article, webinars, e-courses, and seminars at no extra charge. However, the quality of these materials usually varies depending on the broker that you choose.

      การเลือกโบรกเกอร์ Forex

      Delete
    3. Therefore, considering the above points can definitely help you fetch a good broker for you to trade the forex market.

      drawdown คืออะไร

      Delete
  39. It's not pseudoscience, it's just mistaken.

    ReplyDelete
  40. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  41. Are you looking Buy Cocaine Powder Online - Chemicals Market provide best quality product with best price where you can Buy Cocaine Powder Online

    ReplyDelete
  42. You are going to find that many different Brokers will be offering you some form of bonuses, either when you sign up as a new client of those Brokers or an ongoing bonus type offer may be made available to you.
    hedge คืออะไร

    ReplyDelete
  43. WELCOME TO OUR PURE RESEARCH CHEMICALS DUE TO COMPETITIVE PRICE AND HIGH QUALITY. We prrovide DIAZEPAM Buy Crystal Meth Online, buy rxs-chems online

    ReplyDelete
  44. Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online

    Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online At Chemicals Market in Uas and get Crystal Methamphetamine Online with best qulity product on best price

    See More:- https://www.chemicalsmarket.org/product/buy-crystal-methamphetamine-online/

    ReplyDelete
  45. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  46. Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online

    Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online At Chemicals Market in Uas and get Crystal Methamphetamine Online with best qulity product on best price

    Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online

    ReplyDelete
  47. https://trustedmedicationshop.com/product/buy-10-mg-valuim-online/
    Where can you buy Valuim or Diazepam online without prescription
    Buy Vauim or Diazepam online without getting caught
    Buy Valuuim onlline shipped next day delivery
    Buy Valuim overnight shipment
    Buy cheap valuim online no script
    Buy Valuim online no prescription
    Buy Valuim without doctor's prescription
    Buy Valuim for sleep
    Buy Valuim for Anxiety
    You can buy valuim online at https://trustedmedicationshop.com
    Contact +1(406) 298 3261

    ReplyDelete
  48. Great content
    Buy Buy DMT powder online


    DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) is a potent short-term hallucinogenic drug. Sometimes called ‘the spirit molecule’. Effects are similar to those of LSD, but with more rapid onset, greater likelihood of a panic reaction, and a shorter duration (1–2 hours).

    ReplyDelete
  49. Buy Crystal Meth online 98% pure without proscription
    Buy Crystal Meth online, Methamphetamine (N-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine) is also known as crystal meth, chalk, and ice is an extremely addictive stimulant drug that is chemically similar to amphetamine.
    Also It takes the form of a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder.

    Buy crystals meth online, Methamphetamine better known as Crystal,Meth,Shards,Ice,Tina or chalk. IS a good and excellent stimulant that’s nearly three times as good and powerful as cocaine with a high that last for hours.

    We also offer the best high quality of crystals meth in the whole of USA for over 10 years today. We have the best offers Buy Crysta Meth 98% pure from us

    PRICE LIST
    Buy crystal meth 0nline 5 grams (96% pure) for 250$
    cheap crystal meth online (96% pure) 10 grams for 500$
    purchase crystal meth (96% pure)15 grams for 1250$
    Half OUNCE of crystals meth (96% pure) for 2500$
    ONE Ounce of Crystal Meth (96% pure) for 5000$

    We equally have::quality Crystals meth, Coke, Charlie, Rock, Cocaine, Xanax, MDMA, MD, Ketamine ,LSD, Heroin, ice, shards, Oxycotin or Oxy 80s & 30s for painkillers, Acid, Ecstasy, Tina, Tar,Methamphetamine,Marijuana, weed, kush, bud, 420, sativa, indica, and hybrid top shelf Grade A++ are all available.

    we offer fast and secured delivery to all location,Overnight delivery available for USA buyers. Tracking info provided
    Buy crystals meth online,Download telegram or wickr messenger from your phone and add us
    Crystal meth is short for crystal methamphetamine. It is just one form of the drug methamphetamine.

    Details about crystal meth
    Methamphetamine is a white crystalline drug that people take by snorting it (inhaling through the nose), smoking it or injecting it with a needle.
    besides, Some even take it orally, but all develop a strong desire to continue using it because the drug creates a false sense of happiness and well-being—a rush (strong feeling) of confidence, hyperactiveness and energy.
    One also experiences decreased appetite. These drug effects generally last from six to eight hours, but can last up to twenty-four hours.
    Buy Crystal Meth online. Buy from us and you won't regret 

    ReplyDelete
  50. Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.
    Buy Cocaine, Cokes 96% purity Online.
    Buy Coke Online.
    Buy Crack Online uk.
    Buy Crack Online near me.
    Buy Crack cocaine Online united states.
    Buy from us and get the best quality 

    ReplyDelete
  51. This medication is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD. It works by changing the amounts of certain natural substances in the brain. Methylphenidate belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants. It can help increase your ability to pay attention, stay focused on an activity, and control behavior problems. It may also help you to organize your tasks and improve listening skills.
    BUY RITALIN ONLINE.
    BUY RITALIN ONLINE IN EUROPE.
    BUY RITALIN ONLINE IN AUSTRALIA.
    BUY RITALIN ONLINE near me.
    BUY RITALIN ONLINE united states.
    Buy from us and you won't regret 

    ReplyDelete
  52. Order Buy Crystal Meth Online

    Buy Crystal Meth Online, it’s one of the most commonly used drugs used by people all over the world for recreational or medicinal purposes

    See More:- https://www.lookchemlab.com/product/buy-crystal-meth-online/

    ReplyDelete
  53. Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online

    Buy Crystal Methamphetamine Online At Chemicals Market in Uas and get Crystal Methamphetamine Online with best qulity product on best price

    See More:- https://www.chemicalsmarket.org/product/buy-crystal-methamphetamine-online/

    ReplyDelete
  54. budder%20hash%20shatter online



    buy edibles online

    buy granddaddy%20purple online



    buy moon%20rock uk usa



    buy-banana%20kush-online uk usa



    buycbdfx%20hemp%20concentrate online



    cbd-oils for sale uk usa

    sour%20diesel for sale



    buy ak-47-autoflowering online usa uk



    buy alaskan-thunder online usa uk

    buy amber-oil online usa uk



    buy cannabis-seeds online usa uk



    buy cbd-oils online usa uk

    buy concentrates online usa uk

    buy edibles online usa uk

    buy hybrid-marijuana online usa uk

    buy indica-or-sativa online usa uk

    buy labanese-camel-hash-aaaa online usa uk canada

    buy marijuana flowers online usa uk

    buy marijuana-edibles online usa uk

    buy psychedelics online usa uk

    buy sativa online usa uk canada

    buy sesh-edibles-chocolate-bars online usa uk

    buy shatter-wax online usa uk
    cheapweeddispensary710
    plugmandispensary

    ReplyDelete
  55. This is my very first time that I am visiting here and I’m truly pleasurable to see everything at one place. Your writing was good in every way. 3 mmc.

    ReplyDelete
  56. macaw parrots for sale
    Our parrots make a wonderful companion pet. Purchasing a pet parrot online is easy at MyMacaws Home. We sell parrots of the highest quality health and basic ability in their DNA. We have a small selection of macaw parrots for sale, Harlequin macaw parrot for sale, Blue and Gold Macaw parrot for sale and Hyacinth macaw parrot for sale. Browse wide variety of Parrots and Eggs on our Website.

    https://mymacaws.com

    ReplyDelete
  57. A fee charged by a government to a property owner to cover the costs of maintaining a local government. In most countries, the rate of property tax varies widely from locality to locality, with some places (especially rural areas) being almost totally exempt while others impose rates as high as 10% of the value of the property. Patta Chitta online is collected locally by a government agency or department and then passed on to the relevant authority in the country where the property is located.

    ReplyDelete

  58. servo stabilizer
    is a prominent manufacturer, providing a wide range of Servo Stabilizer Manufacturers in India and an array starting from 5 KVA to 5000 KVA for residential, industrial and medical use. Stabilizers installed after qualifying a 35 points Checklist while undergoing Intensive Quality & Reliability inspection to withstand 170/300V besides 270/470V, manufactured in the state-of-the-art manufacturing plant with the latest cutting-edge innovative technology adopted after rigorous in-house R&D done since inception

    ReplyDelete
  59. Don’t forget to add that sparkle on your big day and fly private, with Arrow Aircraft. Whether it is a grand celebration or an intimate affair, we at Arrow Aircraft offer you with affordable Aircraft Charter Services in India
    on rent. So, contact us to avail our ultimate service at an unreal price.

    ReplyDelete
  60. 카지노사이트 Pretty section of content. I simply stumbled upon your weblog and in accession capital to say that I
    acquire actually loved account your blog posts.
    Any way I’ll be subscribing in your feeds or even I success you get right of
    entry to constantly rapidly.

    ReplyDelete
  61. 스포츠토토 Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and I’m impressed! Extremely useful info specially the last part 🙂 I care for such info a lot. I was seeking this certain information for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.

    ReplyDelete
  62. 카지노사이트홈 I recently found many useful information in your website especially this blog page. Among the lots of comments on your articles. Thanks for sharing

    ReplyDelete
  63. Methyl Amine price supplies in the North American region showed marked improvement as the industrial infrastructure in the USA Gulf region recovered from the devastating impact of the polar winter storm Uri, and major manufacturing facilities ramped up production. Eastman Chemicals ramped up the production rates to fulfil the backlog of orders. The pricing trend of the Methyl Amine showed an uptick for a larger part of Q2, taking cues from the feedstock Ammonia and Methanol. Surging crude oil further maintained operational cost pressure. Methyl Amine demand surged in Q2 as the export market improved and the offtakes were consistent from the pharmaceutical, rubber and dye industries

    https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/methylamine-1178

    ReplyDelete
  64. Hi there,
    Thank you so much for the post you do and also I like your post, Buy Methamphetamine online, it is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. Crystal methamphetamine

    Contact Us
    Email: info@psychedelicdrugsforsale.com

    Click here for MORE DETAILS....

    ReplyDelete

  65. These are not stolen and there’s a sales document issued for each.
    We also ship to an FFL for those who prefer it that way.
    Please feel free to visit our website https://www.legitarmsdealer.com/
    https://www.buycounterfeitbills.com/ https://capuchinmonkey.company.com/ https://buymethadoneonline.com/

    ReplyDelete
  66. This is also a very good post which I really enjoyed reading. It is not every day that I have the possibility to see something like this. 파워볼

    ReplyDelete
  67. Great delivery 타이마사지. Sound arguments. Keep up the great effort.

    ReplyDelete
  68. I visited a lot of website but I believe this one holds something extra in it.

    Also visit my web-site;
    오피월드


    ReplyDelete
  69. virtual event Along with addressing the varied language needs of a global audience, the Wikimedia Foundation is also making a greater effort to accommodate the multilingual needs of speakers and presenters, particularly with pre-recorded sessions. fruit puns, out of office message examples, fortune cookies funny, happy thanksgiving funny and happy birthday sister quotes

    ReplyDelete
  70. It is very well written, and your points are well-expressed. 카지노사이트

    ReplyDelete
  71. Really appreciate you sharing this article. Much thanks again. I definitely enjoying every little bit of it. 스포츠토토

    ReplyDelete
  72. This is a great website and good share. I want to thank you. very nice! You guys make a great blog, and have some great content. Keep up the good work. 바카라사이트

    ReplyDelete
  73. I’m impressed by your blog. Absolutely amazing work.Bangladesh Mobile Phones

    ReplyDelete

  74. Just desire tto say your article is as surprising.
    The clarity in your post is simply excellent and i could
    assume you’re an expert on this subject.
    Well with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to keep updated with forthcoming
    post. Thanks a million and please carry on the enjoyable work. 오피월드


    ReplyDelete
  75. Hi there, You have done an excellent job. I will certainly digg it and personally suggest to my friends.
    I am confident they will be benefited from this web site. 카지노사이트

    ReplyDelete
  76. hellow~~I was surprised to see your writing. This is a really useful resource~
    I would like to see these materials often~
    I will come here often. Thank you!!!먹튀사이트

    ReplyDelete
  77. What’s up everyone, it’s my first go to see at this site, and piece of
    writing is really fruitful in support of me, keep up posting such articles
    or reviews. 경마

    ReplyDelete
  78. I am happy to find this post Very useful for me, as it contains lot of information. I Always prefer to read The Quality and glad I found this thing in you post. Thanks 일본경마

    ReplyDelete
  79. Its a really interesting and informative article for me. I appreciate your work and skills. helmut zemo coat

    ReplyDelete
  80. Electrovery is the best Car Battery Dealer in Kolkata. Buy online car batteries for any brands like Exide, Amaron and Sf Sonic at best price in howrah, hooghly and all over Kolkata.

    ReplyDelete
  81. Beagle puppies are one of the most popular breeds in the world. Beagle puppies for sale are intelligent, friendly, and loyal dogs that make great companions for people with allergies or who live alone. Beagles have a single coat that is short and soft to the touch, which makes them perfect for active city dwellers who want an outdoor companion. Beagle puppies are usually available at shelters because they're so popular! If you're looking to adopt a Beagle puppy, check out your local shelter today!

    ReplyDelete
  82. Beagle puppies are one of the most popular breeds in the world. Beagle puppies for sale are intelligent, friendly, and loyal dogs that make great companions for people with allergies or who live alone. Beagles have a single coat that is short and soft to the touch, which makes them perfect for active city dwellers who want an outdoor companion. Beagle puppies are usually available at shelters because they're so popular!

    ReplyDelete
  83. Beagle puppies are one of the most popular breeds in the world. Beagle puppies for sale are intelligent, friendly, and loyal dogs that make great companions for people with allergies or who live alone.

    ReplyDelete
  84. Hi there, I found your blog by the use of Google while looking for a related subject, your site came up, it appears good. I've bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
    섯다

    ReplyDelete
  85. I am really glad to glance at this website posts which includes plenty of
    useful data, thanks for providing such information.
    성인웹툰

    ReplyDelete

  86. Thank you for posting this awesome article. I’m a long time reader but I’ve never been compelled to leave a comment.
    I subscribed to your blog and shared this on my Facebook.
    Thanks again for a great article!
    안전놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  87. That's a great article! The neatly organized content is good to see. Can I quote a blog and write it on my blog? My blog has a variety of communities including these articles. Would you like to visit me later? keo nhacai


    ReplyDelete
  88. Nhà cái lừa đảoDecember 04, 2021 3:01 AM

    While looking for articles on these topics, I came across this article on the site here. As I read your article, I felt like an expert in this field. I have several articles on these topics posted on my site. Could you please visit my homepage? Nhà cái lừa đảo


    ReplyDelete
  89. Can It Beat 메이저놀이터리스트 안전메이저놀이터 토토사이트: The Truth Behind the Speed Count

    ReplyDelete
  90. thank you for your interesting infomation. 토토사이트

    ReplyDelete


  91. This is very educational content and written well for a change. It's nice to see that some people still understand how to write a quality post! 출장마사지





    ReplyDelete
  92. Thanks for your post, it has inspired me greatly. Write For Us Tech

    ReplyDelete
  93. 메이저공원 123: DEALER CALLS PITBOSS, ARE THEY ON TO US?

    ReplyDelete
  94. This is how simple is to beat the casino playing 토토사이트 with the SDP on Six Shooter Do or Die.

    ReplyDelete
  95. Hi ! I specialize in writing on these topics. 카지노사이트 My blog also has these types of articles and forums. Please visit once.

    ReplyDelete
  96. like this site [url=https://thelawyerworld.com/] the lawyer world [/url]

    ReplyDelete
  97. webgirls.pl In relation to battling candida albicans, victims usually have their function cut out for them. Simply because candida albicans can certainly become constant and on-going. Bearing that in mind, on this page, we will current a variety of the best verified candidiasis remedy and elimination tips close to.

    ReplyDelete
  98. webgirls When it comes to preventing candida albicans, affected individuals often times have their work eliminate on their behalf. Simply because candidiasis can certainly come to be chronic and continuous. Bearing that in mind, in the following paragraphs, we are going to existing a wide range of some of the best established candida remedy and reduction ideas around.

    ReplyDelete
  99. CONTACT: +1(310)596-3431
    We offer the largest and best selection of REMANUFACTURED AMMO , BIR 34175 SHOOT-N-C, SIINGTON UMC, altor 9mm single shot, altor 9mm, altor pistol, altor, pistol review, evac blast diverter, altor corp pistol, qd blast shield


    REMANUFACTURED AMMO
    BIR 34175 SHOOT-N-C
    SIINGTON UMC
    altor 9mm single shot
    altor 9mm
    altor pistol
    altor pistol review
    evac blast diverter
    altor corp pistol
    qd blast shield



    CONTACT: +1(310)596-3431
    Email: info@oggunna.com
    WEBSITE:https://www.oggunna.com/

    ReplyDelete
  100. https://gamezoom.xyz Getting a work out spouse can considerably increase your muscles-developing results. Your lover could be a useful method to obtain inspiration for staying on your exercise routine session, and forcing anyone to optimize your endeavours as you work out. Possessing a dependable lover to work through with will also help make you stay safe as you will usually have a spotter.

    ReplyDelete
  101. https://gameboot.xyz The truth is them on mags as well as on Television, people who seem like their biceps and triceps and hip and legs will explode as his or her muscle groups are so large! There is no require for you to acquire your body to that particular level in the event you don't want to, as the simple strategies in this post will enable you to construct muscles in the wholesome approach.

    ReplyDelete
  102. Very nice and informative article thanks for sharing.Post Guerilla

    ReplyDelete
  103. It's a proven science that good quality moolah strain has thick and hairy surface which indicates that it is pure .

    ReplyDelete
  104. A good article is one that a person is aware of, to get something to learn from that article and your article is also one of them.We hope that you will share a similar article in the future and make us aware thank you.

    The Masters Real Estate

    Lahore Smart City

    Lahore Smart City Location

    Capital Smart City

    Faisalabad Smart City

    Park View City Islamabad

    Park View City Lahore

    Nova City Islamabad

    ReplyDelete
  105. Hi there,

    Thank you so much for the post you do and also I like your post, Are you looking for a High-Quality 12 Gauge online in the whole USA? We are providing High-Quality 12 gauge for sale, Buy Glock 45 Online, Buy Glock 42 Online, Buy Glock 41 Online, Buy Glock 35 Online, Glock 35 for sale, Buy Glock 32 Online, Buy Glock 31 Online, Glock 30 for sale, Buy Glock 26 Online, GLOCK 26 for sale, Buy Glock 23 Online, Buy Glock 22 Online, Buy Glock 21 Online, Buy Glock 20 Online, Buy Glock 19 online with the good price and our services are very fast.

    Click here for Contact +(541) 719-8436, Email: info@gunarmsonline.com

    ReplyDelete
  106. I think it's a website with a lot of good contents. I think I accumulate a lot of knowledge.
    Please come to my website and give me a lot of advice.
    It's my website.
    우리머니상

    ReplyDelete
  107. Hi There,
    Thank you for sharing the knowledgeable blog with us I hope that you will post many more blog with us:-
    Blue Crystal Meth online at the best possible prices that exist online with safe and guaranteed delivery to your home address.
    Email:Crackdispensary@Gmail.Com
    Click here for more information:- more info

    ReplyDelete
  108. BlueTech Space has some interesting blogs on different topics around the world. To know about the snowflake test, you can visit the site and learn about it.

    ReplyDelete
  109. Buy 1792 225th Anniversary Kentucky is a distinct batch of barrels were hand-selected especially for this commemorative release. These barrels aged for 10 years at Barton 1792 Distillery before being bottled at specifically 92.15 proof. This special proof is a nod to the year 1792 and to Kentucky being the 15th state to join the Union. The dark blue neckband on the bottle and back label are a salute to the official state seal. This is the sixth limited edition release of 1792 Bourbon expressions, the 225th Anniversary Bourbon joins previous releases of High Rye, Sweet Wheat, Port Finish, Single Barrel, and Full Proof Bourbons.

    ReplyDelete
  110. Really no matter if someone doesn't be aware of after that its up to other users that they will help, so here it takes place 스포츠토토사이트.
    fdj

    ReplyDelete
  111. Buy Diazepam online
    Buy valuim online without prescription
    www.premuimpharmacy.com

    ReplyDelete
  112. "좋은 게시물입니다.이 게시물은 정말 좋은 정보를 제공합니다. 확실히 살펴 보겠습니다. 정말 유용한 팁이 여기에 제공됩니다. 정말 감사합니다. 좋은 작업을 계속하세요. 메이저사이트

    ReplyDelete
  113. Thank you. it is good to read this blogs .really like it 100 points
    국산야동

    ReplyDelete
  114. https://confirmedchemicals.com/buy-research-chemicals-canada-guide/

    ReplyDelete
  115. Thanks for sharing this article this content is very significant for me I really appreciate you.

    ReplyDelete
  116. Thanks for shar ing your this great work of yours.

    ReplyDelete
  117. I have a presentation subsequent week, and I’m at the search for such info."

    ReplyDelete
  118. I’m very pleased to discover this site.

    ReplyDelete
  119. Fantastic post! Please keep sharing.

    ReplyDelete
  120. looking forward for more posts. Thanks Feel free to visit my website;

    ReplyDelete

  121. Thanks for such a fantastic blog.

    ReplyDelete
  122. Very nice article and straight to the point.

    ReplyDelete

  123. "Methylamine Pseudoscience" refers to the debunking of unfounded claims or misconceptions related to methylamine. Entertainment Apps For Teens This vital clarification ensures accurate information prevails, safeguarding science.

    ReplyDelete
  124. As a practicing synthetic organic chemist.
    한국야동

    ReplyDelete
  125. THANKS FOR GIVING EVERYONE A REMARKABLY MEMORABLE POST THAT YOU’VE SHARED TO US.

    ReplyDelete
  126. Very good article, I enjoyed reading your post.

    ReplyDelete
  127. i have to say this thing you have did good and nice

    ReplyDelete
  128. I love reading this post. Keep posting more content in this article

    ReplyDelete
  129. Your post is very great.i read this post this is a very helpful.

    ReplyDelete
  130. 6th Meeting of AGM of National Institute for MSME,
    한국야동

    ReplyDelete
  131. Women International Summit for Entrepreneurship.
    한국야동

    ReplyDelete
  132. You can now easily buy a verified Coinbase account
    and start trading immediately.
    한국야동

    ReplyDelete
  133. Thanks for sharing This is really inspiring and I love to read more about this.

    ReplyDelete
  134. Your blog has a lot of useful information. I am very lucky to have found your blog.

    ReplyDelete
  135. Excellent website! It seems extremely knowledgeable! Continue your wonderful effort!

    ReplyDelete

  136. I was more than happy to discover this website. I want to to thank you for your time due to this wonderful read!!

    ReplyDelete

  137. "Thanks for posting this, it was unbelievably informative and helped me a lot. Well-written blog post.

    ReplyDelete


  138. I am really pleased to read this blog posts which includes tons of valuable information.

    ReplyDelete

  139. i really enjoyed this article. Continue the way you write

    ReplyDelete

  140. Your style is very unique. Appreciate you for posting Valuable tips

    ReplyDelete

  141. Please stay us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.

    ReplyDelete